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| 499 BC |
| | | The Greek cities of Ionia rebel against Persian rule, with the partial support of Athens | |
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| c. 495 BC |
| | | Pericles is born in Attica, the son of distinguished parents and the great-nephew of Cleisthenes | |
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| 493 BC |
| | | After six years the Persians recover control of Ionia, but Athens is now identified as a target for invasion | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | Darius sends a fleet across the Aegean, carrying a large army of infantry and cavalry for an attack on Athens | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | The Persian fleet secures the Greek island of Euboea before making the short crossing to Marathon on the mainland – where they await the Greeks | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | Pheidippides, given the task of running from Athens to Sparta to request help at Marathon against the Persians, completes the journey in two days | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | At Marathon the Athenian hoplites, heavily outnumbered, win a spectacular victory against the Persians – of whom the survivors escape in their ships | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | The Persian fleet moves south towards Athens, but then heads home across the Aegean without attempting an assault on the city | |
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| 487 BC |
| | | Ostracism is introduced in Athens as a way of getting rid of unpopular politicians | |
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| 484 BC |
| | | Aeschylus wins the prize for tragedy at the City Dionysia in Athens | |
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